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It was rude of him to leave so suddenly.
She was rude to him for no reason.
* used alone, with `about' to specify a thing or `with' to specify a person
angry, annoyed, delighted, disappointed, fed up, furious, happy, upset
She was still angry about the result.
They're getting pretty fed up with him.
Unit 48 Noun + preposition
Main points
* `Of' can be used to add many different types of information, `with' is used to specify a quality or possession.
* Some nouns are always followed by particular prepositions.
1 You can give more information about a noun by adding a prepositional phrase after it.
Four men on holiday were in the car.
A sound behind him made him turn.
2 You often use the preposition `of' after a noun to add various kinds of information. For example, you can use
`of' to indicate:
* what something is made of or consists of
...a wall of stone.
A feeling of panic was rising in him.
* what the subject matter of speech, writing, or a picture is
She gave a brief account of her interview.
There was a picture of them both in the paper.
* what a person or thing belongs to or is connected with
She was the daughter of the village priest.
The boys sat on the floor of the living room.
* what qualities a person or thing has
She was a woman of energy and ambition.
They faced problems of great complexity.
 3 After nouns referring to actions, you use `of' to indicate the subject or object of the action.
...the arrival of the police.
...the destruction of their city.
After nouns referring to people who perform an action, you use `of' to say what the action involves or is aimed at.
...supporters of the hunger strike.
...a student of English.
Note that you often use two nouns, rather than a noun and a prepositional phrase. For example, you say `bank robbers',
not `robbers of the bank'.
4 After nouns referring to measurement, you use `of' to give the exact figure.
...an average annual temperature of 20 degrees.
...a speed of 25 kilometres an hour.
You can use `of' after a noun to give someone's age.
Jonathan was a child of seven when it happened.
5 You use `with' after a noun to say that a person or thing has a particular quality, feature, or possession.
...a girl with red hair.
...the man with the gun.
Note that you use `in' after a noun to say what someone is wearing.
...a grey-haired man in a raincoat.
...the man in dark glasses.
6 Some nouns are usually followed by a particular preposition. Here are some examples of:
* nouns followed by `to'
alternative, answer, approach, attitude, introduction, invitation, reaction, reference, resistance, return
This was my first real introduction to Africa.
* nouns followed by `for'
admiration, desire, dislike, need, reason, respect, responsibility, search, substitute, taste, thirst
Their need for money is growing fast.
* nouns followed by `on'
agreementattackcommenteffecttax
She had a dreadful effect on me.
* nouns followed by `with' or `between'
connectioncontactlinkrelationship
His illness had some connection with his diet.
* nouns followed by `in'
decreasedifficultyfallincreaserise
They demanded a large increase in wages.
 Unit 49 Verb + preposition
Main points
* Some verbs do not take an object and are normally followed by a preposition.
* Some verbs take an object followed by a particular preposition.
* Some verbs can take either an object or a preposition.
1 Many verbs that are used without an object are normally followed by a prepositional phrase. Some verbs take a
particular preposition:
belong to, consist of, hint at, hope for, insist on, lead to, listen to, pay for, qualify for, refer to, relate to, sympathize
with
The land belongs to a rich family.
She then referred to the Minister's report.
2 With other verbs that are used without an object, the choice of a different preposition may alter the meaning of
the clause.
agree on/withapologize for/toresult from/in
appeal for/toconform to/withsuffer from/with
They agreed on a plan of action.
You agreed with me that we should buy a car.
His failure resulted from lack of attention to details.
The match resulted in a draw.
3 With verbs that are used without an object, different prepositions are used to introduce different types of
information.
* `about' indicates the subject matter
caredreamhearspeakthink
complainexplainknowtalkwrite
We will always care about freedom.
Tonight I'm going to talk about engines.
* `at' indicates direction
glancegrinlooksmile
glarelaughshoutstare
I don't know why he was laughing at that joke.
`Hey!' she shouted at him.
* `for' indicates purpose or reason
apologizeapplyasklookwait
He wanted to apologize for being late.
I'm going to wait for the next bus.
* `into' indicates the object involved in a collision
bumpcrashdriverun
 His car crashed into the wall.
She drove into the back of a lorry.
* `of' indicates facts or information
hearknowspeaktalkthink
I've heard of him but I don't know who he is.
Do you know of the new plans for the sports centre?
* `on' indicates confidence or certainty
countdependplanrely
You can count on me.
You can rely on him to be polite.
* `to' indicates the listener or reader
complainlistenspeakwrite
explainsaytalk
They complained to me about the noise.
Mary turned her head to speak to him.
* `with' indicates someone whose opinion is the same or different
agreearguedisagreeside
Do you agree with me about this?
The daughters sided with their mothers.
4 Some verbs have an object, but are also followed by a preposition.
The police accused him of murder.
They borrowed some money from the bank.
Some verbs can take either an object or a prepositional phrase with no change in meaning.
He had to fight them .
He was fighting against history.
Unit 50 Phrasal verbs
Main points
* A phrasal verb is a combination of a verb and an adverb or preposition.
* The usual meaning of the verb is normally altered.
* Phrasal verbs are used in four main structures.
1 Phrasal verbs are verbs that combine with adverbs or prepositions. The adverbs and prepositions are called
particles, for example `down', `in', `off', `out', and `up'.
She turned off the radio.
Mr Knight offered to put him up.
2 Phrasal verbs extend the usual meaning of the verb or create a new meaning. For example, if you `break'
something, you damage it, but if you `break out of' a place, you escape from it.
They broke out of prison on Thursday night.
The pain gradually wore off.
 3 Phrasal verbs are normally used in one of four main structures. In the first structure, the verb is followed by a
particle, and there is no object.
break outget bylook instop off
catch ongive inring offwait up
check upgo awaystart outwatch out
come ingrow upstay upwear off
War broke out in September.
You'll have to stay up late tonight.
4 In the second structure, the verb is followed by a particle and an object.
fall forgrow onpart withset about
feel forlook afterpick ontake after
She looked after her invalid mother.
Peter takes after his father but John is more like me.
5 In the third structure, the verb is followed by an object and a particle.
answer backcall backcount inorder about
ask incatch outinvite outtell apart
I answered him back and took my chances.
He loved to order people about.
6 Some phrasal verbs can be used in both the second structure and the third structure: verb followed by a
particle and an object, or verb followed by an object and a particle. [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]